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BLOOD STAINED RUSSIA 




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MARIA BOCHKARIEVA— THE JOAN OF ARC OF RUSSU 

About this time, Maria Bochkarieva, on leave from the front, saw that Russia was in danger. She 
conceived the idea of forming an armj' of women. Kerensky, recognizing the good that might come of 
this, gave his consent and recruiting began. This woman was the wife of a peasant from the Volga district 
who joined his regiment the day of mobilization. After he was killed at the front she demanded permission 
from the Czar to take his place in the regiment. After many months, the desired permission was received 
and she joined the regiment at the front. She suffered many hardships and proA'ed herself a good soldier. 
She was several times decorated for bravery, once for rescuing men who were caught on barbed wire, she 
herself being wounded. 



BLOOD STAINED 

RUSSIA 

BY 

CAPTAIN DONALD C. THOMPSON 



i^ 



LESLIE-JUDGE COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK 

M CMX V I I I 



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Copyright, igiS, by 

DOUBLEDAY, PaGE & COMPANY 

AH rights reserved, including that of 

translation into foreign languages, 

including the Scandinavian 






INTRODUCTION 



WHEN Captain Donald Thompson and I were in Petrograd, he as photogra- 
pher and I as correspondent for Leslie's Weekly, in the midst of the Feb- 
ruary revolution which overthrew the Czar, one day on the Nevski 
Prospekt we withdrew into a doorway to dodge a burst of bullets. Apro- 
pos of nothing in particular the Captain suddenly exclaimed: "A photographic record 
of the French Revolution would be beyond price. This is my chance. I am going to 
record the story of this revolution in pictures." 

And so, constantly dodging bullets in the execution of his idea as in its inception, 
Captain Thompson set to work to capture on the lenses of his cameras the scenes of con- 
flict and terror in the streets of Petrograd, followed by the parades, the solemn funeral 
pageants, and the tumultuous demonstrations of the bewildered people. Then came the 
crowds who gathered to listen to the subtle poison of the German propagandists, who were 
reducing to dust and ashes the fair hopes born of the revolution. 

After the labor demonstrations in May, when the people of Petrograd impotently 
settled down to listening to speeches and marching in parades as their daily avocations, we 
learned that the soldiers at the front were forming committees to usurp the functions of 
their officers. Immediately Mr. Thompson set out for the front and for two months, from 
the Black Sea to the Baltic, he photographed the typical scenes of life and death along the 
great eastern front as it began to crumble — not before German strength and bravery — 
but before German guile and trickery. 

In short, there was no important scene in the great Russian drama from the time of 
the overthrow of the Czar and the brief triumph of the unhappy Russian people, down 
through the various stages of their undoing by the m.alignant forces in Berlin until the 
final overthrow of the Provisional Government, that Captain Thompson did not see and 
record. Then we had to fiee from Russia and finally, after many and great difficulties, 
succeeded in reaching Japan safely and with the cherished pictures intact. The best ex- 
amples of these pictures which Captain Thompson thus obtained at the risk of his life are 
given in this book. 1 have added such descriptions as seemed necessary to make clear the 
meaning of each picture. 

We knew at the time that we were witnessing the stupendous spectacle of a nation of 
170,000,000 people winning and losing its liberty, but we little realized what a tremendous 
effect upon the struggle for the freedom of the world the Russian tragedy was to have. 

Florence MacLeod Harper. 






^ 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Maria Bochkarieva — the Joan of Arc of Russia Frontispiece 

PAGE 

BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 

A typical stretch of the blealt marshland 3 

The remains of the village of Kolky 4 

OfTicers of a captured Prussian Guard regiment ... 5 
The battle flag which the Kaiser had presented to the cap- 
tured regiment 6 

The Russians saw their own men fall hy the hundreds of 

thousands 7 

Some typical soldier graves 8 

A well-kept section of the Russian front 9 

Pointed stakes were used to supplement the scanty supply 

of wire in making the wire entanglements 10 

An anti-aircraft gun ready for the enemy 11 

A German plane brought down by a Russian anti-aircraft 

gun 12 

German prisoners of war in Siberia 13 

Wounded menwalkingfromdressing station to field hospital 14 

A typical group of Cossacks 15 

There are more dead than living Cossacks — here are some 

of the dead 16 

The Duma in session 17 

Madame Breshkovskaya iS 

The Monk Rasputin, the evil genius of the old regime in 

Russia, surrounded by admiring women. . . ' . 19 

The Princess Virubova, lady-in-waiting to the Czarina . 20 

A Russian bread-line guarded by the imperial police . . 21 

REVOLUTION OF MARCH 

The first victims of the Russian Revolution 22 

Police barracks after being stormed and sacked ... 23 
Police spies rounded up to be tried by the Duma ... 24 
Revolutionists marching to the Duma to swear allegiance . 25 
Duma messengers protected by armed guards .... 26 
Revolutionists starting from the Liteiny Prospekt to at- 
tack a police barracks 27 

The same body of revolutionists being cheered by the 

crowds 28 

Police barracks captured after a life-and-death struggle . 29 
The empty cartridge cases show how desperately the police 

defended themselves 30 

Some of the frozen dead after a street fight 31 

The hotel Astoria, after it had been sacked by a mob of rev- 
olutionists 32 

The lobby of the hotel Astoria after it had been sacked. . 33 

Captain Thompson's room in the hotel Astoria .... 34 

Bodies marked for identification by friends 35 

A group of city militia, with an armoured car .... 36 

A court lady camouflaged as a Sister of Mercy .... 37 

A truckload of excited soldiers firing into the air ... 38 

"The little grandmother of the Revolution" .... 39 

One of the ever-swelling bread lines 40 

A great public demonstration in the dispute between the 

Duma and the Soviet 41 

Burying on the Field of Mars those who fell in the Revolution 42 

PARADES AND LABOUR RIOTS OF MAY 

The beginning of a quarrel that divided a regiment . . . 43 
A parade in advocacy of a vigorous offensixe against Ger- 
many 44 

A so-called socialist "Stop-the-War" meeting .... 45 
Loyal soldiers about to break up a disloyal meeting. . 46 
An unarmed regiment protesting against German propa- 
ganda 47 

A loyal officer addressing his men 48 

A typical Moujik soldier 49 



To make and listen to speeches became the chief occupa- 
tion of the people of Petrograd 50 

A Labour Day loyalty demonstration at the hotel Astoria . 51 

Volunteers for the front 52 

Departure of a regiment that had volunteered to go to the 

front 53 

Russian soldiers on the firing line 54 

A silent gun and idle gunners 55 

The Russian front was quiet while the poison gas of Ger- 
man propaganda was doing its deadly work .... 56 
One of the demonstrations against the Provisional Gov- 
ernment which alarmed Maria Bochkarieva .... 57 
The first of May — the day of the anarchists .... 58 

A "Down-with-the-Capitalists!" parade 59 

A " Down-with-the-Government!" parade 60 

Radical orators financed by Berlin 61 

Those who spoke for Russia had no money to back up their 

arguments 62 

Groups of Russians listening to the Pro-German arguments 63 

The Winter Palace as a hospital 64 

Russians marching with banners "Made in Germany ". . 65 

Listening to speeches on freedom instead of working. . 66 
Gradually the loyal soldiers such as these were sent to the 

front 67 

Cossacks going to take over a position on the front which 

had been abandoned by other Russian troops 68 

Wounded men from the front hearing of the overthrow of 

the Czar 69 

Loyal Russian soldiers at mess 70 

A throng of excited and bewildered people whom Ger- 
many was perverting and the Allies neglecting ... 71 

HOSPITAL CONDITIONS AT THE FRONT 

Colonel Eugene Hurd, who did much for Russia ... 72 
Peasant women bringing their sick children to the Amer- 
ican doctor 73 

Dr. E. H. Egbert, an American surgeon, and his staff .' . 74 
The motor ambulances of the American hospital service in 

Russia 75 

Lieut. Col. Malcom C. Grow, a Philadelphia doctor, who 

was decorated for bravery in the Russian Army ... 76 
Small jolting cars — The. makeshift for ambulances on the 

Russian front 77 

Sometimes there was not room for the wounded even in 

these rough carts — then they had to walk 78 

A forest dressing station with a line of ambulance carts 

approaching with wounded 79 

Unloading the wounded from the makeshift ambulances 

at afield hospital 80 

Carrying wounded from a primitive ambulance to a field 

hospital tent 81 

Ordinary freight cars were used as ambulance trains. 82 

Donald C. Thompson with three of Colonel Hurd's orderlies 83 

Waiting to be put on board the evacuation train ... 84 

The Sister of Mercy in charge of the evacuation train . . 85 

After a gas attack — to combat which they had no gas masks 86 

In tents such as this the slightly gassed were treated . . 87 

A typical Austrian prisoner 88 

Florence MacLeod Harper, staff war correspondent for 

Lcs/jc'j fKefi^/)', as a nurse in Russia 89 

Patients and orderlies in front of a typical field hospital. . go 

WOMEN'S BATTALION 

Someof the women soldiers in the Battalion of Death . . 91 

Drilling the Battalion of Death 92 

Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst and Maria Bochkarieva . 93 

Three peasant girls brought by their old father to volunteer 94 



Vlll 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



PAGE 

Their old father who had no sons to fight for Russia . . 95 
A former street walker and a college professor's daughter as 

comrades in arms 96 

Some had uniforms and some had not 97 

Drilling with and without equipment 98 

A sergeant drilling two squads of women 99 

Maria Bochkarieva was a strict disciplinarian .... 100 

A section of the Battalion of Death at physical drill . . 101 

The dinner squad of the Battalion of Death .... 102 

Some of the women soldiers off duty 103 

Maria Bochkarieva watching two of her girl soldiers wrestle 104 

An early lesson in rifle practice 105 

Women soldiers learning to shoot 106 

After a month's training 107 

Passing in review before Bochkarieva, their commanding 

ofTicer 108 

Men officers visiting and encouraging the women soldiers. 109 

A group of the first to volunteer for the Battalion of Death 1 10 
Maria Bochkarieva with a woman soldier friend who had 

fought for two years 11 1 

Types of those who enlisted in the women's battalions . 1 12 

A Kronstadt sailor and his enlisting wife 113 

Maria Bochkarieva and Florence Harper watching the wo- 
men soldiers dance 114 

The Battalion of Death having their banners blessed at the 

Cathedral of St. Ysaaks 115 

One of the men's Battalions of Death 116 

The farewell mass for the Battalion of Death . . . 117 

Captain Thompson and a nurse of the Battalion of Death 1 18 
The wounded back in Petrograd less than three weeks after 

they started 119 

KRONSTADT 

The grave of six Kronstadt men 120 

An officer's house after it had been shelled by the sailors. 121 

The City Hall of Kronstadt in the hands of the mutineers. 122 

The dock at Kronstadt 123 

Kronstadt sailors marching in Petrograd 124 

The great white and gold cathedral of Kronstadt ... 125 

FUNERALS 

Men who died in defense of the Provisional Government 126 
Bolsheviki turning out in full force to honour their dead . 127 
The American Ambassador waiting for a funeral proces- 
sion to pass 128 

CZAR 

The former Czar and his son, the former Czarevitch . . 129 

ORPHANED CHILDREN 

A group of children orphaned by the Re\olution . . 130 

Orphaned children learning to sew 131 

The orphans forgetting their troubles in a swimming hole 132 

JULY RIOTS AND FUNERALS 

With German money whole families were paid to parade. 133 

A Pro-German speaker hard at work 134 

A loyal officer trying to counteract the German propaganda 135 
Here are seen some of the banners which Lenine had had 

made in Germany 136 

Bolshevik agents preaching death, destruction, and 

dishonour i^-j 

The great Bolshevik parade 138 

Typeof machine gun used by the Bolsheviki 139 

A typical crowd in front of the Winter Palace .... 140 

An ambulance picking up dead and wounded .... 141 

Some of those killed in street fighting 142 

Rival parades in conflict 143 

Cossack regiments brought from the front to restore order 144 

A small Cossack patrol in the Ne\sk Prospekt ... 145 

A typical slovenly Bolshevik parade 146 

A typical loyal parade in good marching order. . . . 147 



PAGE 

An armoured car — the determining factor in the street 

fighting 148 

Kerensky reviewing a regiment of Cossacks 149 

Indifferent crowds passing looted shops 130 

The usual parades were resumed as soon as order was re- 
stored 151 

The great public funeral for the loyalists 152 

Distinguished citizens joined in this memorial parade . 153 

Priests marching in the memorial procession 154 

Kerensky marching behind the coffin of one of the victims . 155 
Priests in the gorgeous robes of the Greek church . . . 1 56 
The American Ambassador, paying tribute to the dead 1 57 
Red Cross representatives carrying wreaths to the ceme- 
tery 158 

Captain Thompson's truck 159 

RETREATS, GAS ATTACKS, AND 
"FRONT STUFF" 

A loyal regiment forced to retreat 160 

Russian machine gunners who held the enemy at bay 161 

Members of a machine-gun corps who refused to retreat . 162 

Russian gas tanks, stored in a forest, ready for removal [63 
These men said the Germans were their brothers and would 

no longer kill them 164 

The Russian's primitive typeof gas mask 165 

The result of their faith in their German "comrades" . . 166 

They died frothing at the mouth and in intense agony , 167 

Russian soldiers deserting first-line trenches 168 

A disorganized hospital hut 169 

In their panic they left their dead half buried .... 170 
An assault battalion charging in a brave attempt to check 

the German advance 171 

A Russian shock battalion taking some German trenches. 172 
Remnant of the shock battalion of which the last remain- 
ing officer shot himself rather than retreat . . . . 173 

MEN ON WIRE AND "FRONT STUFF" 

Dying on the wire — the worst death of all 174 

Captain Thompson with the officers and men of his party 175 

An ingenious lookout iy6 

A reserve regiment taking the place of one that had been 

demoralized lyy 

A bomb bursting on the edge of a wire entanglement . . 178 
Advancing to the partially destroyed wire in skirmish for- 
mation 179 

Men of a shock battalion who had sworn to die attacking. 180 

A Red Cross orderly killed by a German sniper ... 181 

Their ammunition gone, they await the arrival of the enemy 182 

A German prisoner lying to his captors 183 

A shell bursting just in front of a shallow Russian trench. 184 

Rifles collected by assault battalions 185 

Cossacks rallying at Korniloff's call 186 

BOLSHEVIKI RIOTS, ARMOURED CARS, 
AND CROWDS 

Workmen armed by Kerensky to defend Petrograd against 

General Korniioff and his Cossacks 187 

Armoured cars were again brought out to defend the city 188 

Thesquareof the Winter Palace 189 

As General Korniloff's army approached, ihe city was in a 

turmoil 190 

The Nevski Prospekt was again crowded by excited and 

apprehensive people 191 

The passion for street speaking and parading continued 192 
Lenine and Trotzky, leaders of the Bolsheviki, placing 

wreaths on the graves of their followers 193 

Some of the early victims of the reign of anarchy . . . 194 

Burial squads removing the revolutionary dead. ... 195 

Officers of the troops in Petrograd 196 

The funeral of a naval officer who was killed by some of his 

men and buried by others with full military honours 197 

Peasants celebrating the anniversary of the Revolution 198 

Old peasant whose bees were made angry by German shells 199 

Types of Russian soldiers 200 



BLOOD STAINED RUSSIA 










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THE BATTLE FLAG WHICH THE KAISER HAD PRESENTED TO THE 

CAPTURED REGIMENT 

This was a regiment that had been decorated with the iron cross by the Kaiser's own hand. He gave 
the cross with its black and white ribbon for the battle flag in honour of the glorious deeds which this regi- 
ment had performed in the sacking of Belgium. It wasn't often that any army of the Allies had the luck 
to take prisoner an entire regiment of supposedly invulnerable Prussian guards. They had been sent to 
the Russian front to rest and recuperate. 




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jNL^DAME E. C. BRESHK0VSK\YA— "THE LITTLE GRANDMOTHER OF THE REVOLUTION" 

That another revolution was coming, everyone knew. The people must be free. Among the many 
who fought and suffered for the cause of freedom one of the finest and most famous was "the little grand- 
mother of the revolution," Madame Breshkovskaya. She was exiled to Siberia by the Czar. There she 
lived for many years, praying that liberty and enlightenment might some day come to her country. 



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28 




POLICE BARRACKS CAPTURED AFTER A LIFE-AND-DEATH STRUGGLE 

This barracks and prison was taken after a tremendous fight during which the poHce were either killed 
outright or beaten to death by the mob. The prisoners were given their liberty. 




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48 




A TYPICAL MOUJIK SOLDIER 

Millions of men of this type were willing to be taught. For months, all they heard was the German 
side of the question; the Allies, through stupidity or blindness, never even attempted to reach these 
men. It is no wonder that in the end they were contaminated and led astray. 



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72 




FEASANT WOMEN BRINGING THElll SICK CHILDREN TO THE AMERICAN DOCTOR 
Every day the nurses would find peasant women with babies looking for Dr. Hurd. He was never 
too busy to help them. It was the first time many of these people had even seen a doctor, much less been 
treated by one. 



73 




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75 




LIEUTENANT-COLONEL MALCOLM C. GROW. A PHILADELPHL4 DOCTOR. 

Dr. Malcolm C. Grow, of Philadelphia, was the only American in Russia who was a regimental doctor. 
He worked with the first Siberian division for more than two years. Every time they went over the top, he 
went with them. He was wounded and suffered from shell shock. He was decorated with the soldier's Cross 
of St. George, an almost unheard-of honour for a foreigner and rare even for a Russian. He won the rank 
of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Russian army. 



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87 




A TYPICAL AUSTRIAN PRISONER 

This one comes from Meran. He could speak French, Italian, German, English, 
and was learning Russian. The Austrians are not hated in Russia, the hatred is kept 
for the Germans. 



88 




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92 




]MES. E:MMELIXE PANKHIRST AND MARIA BOCHKARIEVA 
Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst, who had arrived in Russia in June, showed her appreciation of the won- 
derful sacrifice made by the women of the Battalion of Death by becoming an ardent champion of 
Maria Bochkarieva. The latter, in turn, appreciated Mrs. Pankliurst's sympatlij-, and a warm friend- 
ship sprang up between these two leaders of \\'omen 



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THEIR OLD FATHER ^VHO HAD NO SONS TO FIGHT FOR RUSSIA 



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111 




TYPES OF THOSE WHO ENLISTED IN THE WOMEN'S BATTALIONS 



112 




A XJiOXSTADT SAILOR AND HIS ENLISTING WIFE 

A Kronstadt sailor — who, unlike his comrades, was against peace at any price — and his wife. The lat- 
ter is on her wav to enlist in the women's battalion. 



113 




MARL\ BOCHKARIEVA AND FLORENCE HARPER WATCHING 
THE WOINIAN SOLDIERS DANCE 



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120 




AN OFFICERS HOUSE AFTER IT HAD BEEN SHELLED BY THE SAILORS 

Some of the officers took refuge in their homes. The sailors of Kronstadt, too cowardly to risk a hand- 
to-hand fight, brought up artillery and demolished these houses and forced the officers to surrender and 
suffer an ignominious death. 



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123 




imONSTADT SAILORS 1VL4ECHIXG IN PETROGEAD 

These sailors, tlie most radical of all in their views, paraded in Petro^rad all during the summer of 
1917. On these occasions they carried banners inscribed, "Down with the ten capitalist ministers!" 



124 




THE GREAT WHITE AND GOLD CATHEDRAL OF KRONSTADT 

At f(jur o'clock every afternoon the cathedral bell would toll, not to call the people to prayer, but to 
call them to listen to the most radical speeches made b,y German agents, from the little wooden stand 
in the foreground. Here, any afternoon, one could hear: "Stop the war, divide the land, seize the banks, 
kill the bourgeoisie, let us make peace with Germany; she is our friend, England is our enemy, and 
now America is becoming our enemy as well. America is governed by the capitalists, they have forced 
the President to make war. etc., etc.," and there was no one there to contradict these lies. The people 
of Kronstadt have been revolutionarv for manv vears. 



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128 




THE F0R:\IER czar and his SOX, THE FORMER CZAREVITCH 

The presence of the former Czar at Tsarskoe-Selo was a source of constant worry to the Provisional 
Government. They not only feared a reaction in favour of the monarchy, but also an uprising of the Bol- 
sheviki, with the killing of the whole royal family. Accordingly, Kerensky decided to have them quietly 
removed to Tobolsk, Siberia. So Colonel Nicholas Romanoff with his family, including the former Czare- 
vitch Alexis Nicholaivitch, made the journey to Siberia, that journey upon which so many thousands of 
political prisoners had been sent in his name. 



129 




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TYPE OF MACHINE GUN USED BY THE BOLSHEVIKI 

The Bolslieviki had mounted their machine guns on trucks and automobiles and were shooting up the 
town. This picture was taken later on in the afternoon at the headquarters of the Bolsheviki where they 
were distributing these macjiine guns to their agents. 



139 




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142 




RIVAL PARADES IN CONFLICT 

Tuesday was a day of violent excitement. Rival parades would meet and the paraders fight and scatter, 
only to meet again a few blocks farther away and add to the ever-increasing list of casualties. 



143 




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158 




CAPTAIN THOMPSON'S TRUCK 

The only way it was possible to make pictures when there were riots, was from the top of a motor truck 
with a guard of soldiers. Captain Thompson used this truck while making his pictures of street riots and 
fighting' in Petrograd. The truck was fired upon on several occasions. Captain Thompson is the man 
behind the camera, wearing a cap. 



159 






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164 




THE RUSSL\X'S PRIMITIVE TYPE OF GAS MASK 
The Russian gas mask is a primitive affair that would not be of much use against the new gases which 
have been used on the Western Front, but it did save a few hves in Russia. The rubber mask goes on over 
the face and the man breathes through a hole on top of the tin which is filled with charcoal and chemicals. 



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175 




AN INGENIOUS LOOK-OUT 
When a man stood flat against the trunk of one of the trees it was ahnost impossible to see him. 



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190 




THE XEVSKI PROSPEKT, AGAIN CROWDED BY EXCITED AND APPREHENSIVE PEOPLE 

Truckloads of Red Guards were riding from one end of the city to the other. Those who were in 
sympathy vriih Korniloff dared not even mention his name. Nevertheless a great many people were pray- 
ing that he might succeed. 



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OLD PEASANT WHOSE BEES WERE MADE ANGRY BY GERMAN SHELLS 

If all Russians were as sensible as this old man, the history of their country might be different. He 
was a keeper of bees. When the Germans came near and trenches were built running past his place, he 
didn't move, his bees were used to that country. He found, however, that the German shell-fire upset them 
and made them so angry that at times they would even attack him. So he dug himself a little trench 
where he could take refuge, when the hives were upset by violent shelling, and stay until his bees were 
calm again. 



199 




TYPES OF RUSSIAN SOLDIERS 

(a) This man is educated and knows what duty means. Although exempt because of wounds, he 
joined one of the first assault battalions. He marched off with his comrades in a vain effort to defend Riga, 
where he was killed, (b) This man is a splendid type of the Russian Moujik soldier, (c) Same type as 
"(a)." (d) A Bolshevik. He believes in division of property, socialist government, and an equal 
chance for every man. He can neither read nor write but he has common sense and is not an extremist, 
(e) A young Cossack. The tuft of hair bunched out under his cap is called "the love lock " Like 
his comrades, he is a man of law and order, he will fight for them and he will die for them. From the few 
Cossacks there are left, will come an influence that will be felt all over Russia. 



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